कार्बनिक रसायन में, कवनो अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुन् या बन्धन् कय अइसन विशिष्ट समूह जवन उ कार्बनिक यौगिक कय रासायनिक गुणन् कय निर्धारण करत अहै,ओका प्रकार्यात्मक समूह या क्रियात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहत हैं ।

बेंजिल एसिटेट में इस्टर प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (केसरिया घेरा में) है।

प्रमुख प्रकार्यात्मक समूहन् कय सुची

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Alkane Alkyl R(CH2)nH   alkyl- -ane  
Ethane
Alkene Alkenyl R2C=CR2   alkenyl- -ene  
Ethylene
(Ethene)
Alkyne Alkynyl RC≡CR'   alkynyl- -yne  
Acetylene
(Ethyne)
Benzene derivative Phenyl RC6H5
RPh
  phenyl- -benzene  
Cumene
(2-phenylpropane)
Toluene derivative Benzyl RCH2C6H5
RBn
  benzyl- 1-(substituent)toluene  
Benzyl bromide
(α-Bromotoluene)

हाइड्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
haloalkane halo RX   halo- alkyl halide  
Chloroethane
(Ethyl chloride)
fluoroalkane fluoro RF   fluoro- alkyl fluoride  
Fluoromethane
(Methyl fluoride)
chloroalkane chloro RCl   chloro- alkyl chloride  
Chloromethane
(Methyl chloride)
bromoalkane bromo RBr   bromo- alkyl bromide  
Bromomethane
(Methyl bromide)
iodoalkane iodo RI   iodo- alkyl iodide  
Iodomethane
(Methyl iodide)

आक्सीजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Alcohol Hydroxyl ROH   hydroxy- -ol  
Methanol
Ketone Carbonyl RCOR'   -oyl- (-COR')
or
oxo- (=O)
-one  
Butanone
(Methyl ethyl ketone)
Aldehyde Aldehyde RCHO   formyl- (-COH)
or
oxo- (=O)
-al  
Acetaldehyde
(Ethanal)
Acyl halide Haloformyl RCOX   carbonofluoridoyl-
carbonochloridoyl-
carbonobromidoyl-
carbonoiodidoyl-
-oyl halide  
Acetyl chloride
(Ethanoyl chloride)
Carbonate Carbonate estere ROCOOR   (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy- alkyl carbonate  
Triphosgene
(bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate)
Carboxylate Carboxylate RCOO  

 

carboxy- -oate  
Sodium acetate
(Sodium ethanoate)
Carboxylic acid Carboxyl RCOOH   carboxy- -oic acid  
Acetic acid
(Ethanoic acid)
Ester Ester RCOOR'   alkanoyloxy-
or
alkoxycarbonyl
alkyl alkanoate  
Ethyl butyrate
(Ethyl butanoate)
Methoxy Methoxy ROCH3   methoxy-
Hydroperoxide Hydroperoxy ROOH   hydroperoxy- alkyl hydroperoxide  
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
Peroxide Peroxy ROOR   peroxy- alkyl peroxide  
Di-tert-butyl peroxide
Ether Ether ROR'   alkoxy- alkyl ether  
Diethyl ether
(Ethoxyethane)
Hemiacetal Hemiacetal RCH(OR')(OH)   alkoxy -ol -al alkyl hemiacetal
Hemiketal Hemiketal RC(ORʺ)(OH)R'   alkoxy -ol -one alkyl hemiketal
Acetal Acetal RCH(OR')(OR")   dialkoxy- -al dialkyl acetal
Ketal (or Acetal) Ketal (or Acetal) RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R'   dialkoxy- -one dialkyl ketal
Orthoester Orthoester RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴)   trialkoxy-
Heterocycle Methylenedioxy PhOCOPh   methylenedioxy- -dioxole  
1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene
(1,3-Benzodioxole)
Orthocarbonate ester Orthocarbonate ester C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″) tetralkoxy- tetraalkyl orthocarbonate

नाइट्रोजन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Amide Carboxamide RCONR2   carboxamido-
or
carbamoyl-
-amide  
Acetamide
(Ethanamide)
Amines Primary amine RNH2   amino- -amine  
Methylamine
(Methanamine)
Secondary amine R2NH   amino- -amine  
Dimethylamine
Tertiary amine R3N   amino- -amine  
Trimethylamine
4° ammonium ion R4N+   ammonio- -ammonium  
Choline
Imine Primary ketimine RC(=NH)R'   imino- -imine
Secondary ketimine RC(=NR)R'   imino- -imine
Primary aldimine RC(=NH)H   imino- -imine  
Ethanimine
Secondary aldimine RC(=NR')H   imino- -imine
Imide Imide (RCO)2NR'   imido- -imide  
Succinimide
(Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione)
Azide Azide RN3   azido- alkyl azide  
Phenyl azide
(Azidobenzene)
Azo compound Azo
(Diimide)
RN2R'   azo- -diazene  
Methyl orange
(p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid)
Cyanates Cyanate ROCN   cyanato- alkyl cyanate  
Methyl cyanate
Isocyanate RNCO   isocyanato- alkyl isocyanate  
Methyl isocyanate
Nitrate Nitrate RONO2   nitrooxy-, nitroxy-

alkyl nitrate

 
Amyl nitrate
(1-nitrooxypentane)
Nitrile Nitrile RCN   cyano- alkanenitrile
alkyl cyanide
 
Benzonitrile
(Phenyl cyanide)
Isonitrile RNC   isocyano- alkaneisonitrile
alkyl isocyanide
 
Methyl isocyanide
Nitrite Nitrosooxy RONO   nitrosooxy-

alkyl nitrite

 
Isoamyl nitrite
(3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane)
Nitro compound Nitro RNO2   nitro-    
Nitromethane
Nitroso compound Nitroso RNO   nitroso- (Nitrosyl-)    
Nitrosobenzene
Pyridine derivative Pyridyl RC5H4N

 
 
 

4-pyridyl
(pyridin-4-yl)

3-pyridyl
(pyridin-3-yl)

2-pyridyl
(pyridin-2-yl)

-pyridine  
Nicotine

गंधक वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Thiol Sulfhydryl RSH   sulfanyl-
(-SH)
-thiol  
Ethanethiol
Sulfide
(Thioether)
Sulfide RSR'   substituent sulfanyl-
(-SR')
di(substituentsulfide
 

(Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfide (suffix)
Disulfide Disulfide RSSR'   substituent disulfanyl-
(-SSR')
di(substituentdisulfide
 

(Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl disulfide (suffix)
Sulfoxide Sulfinyl RSOR'   -sulfinyl-
(-SOR')
di(substituentsulfoxide  
(Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfoxide (suffix)
Sulfone Sulfonyl RSO2R'   -sulfonyl-
(-SO2R')
di(substituentsulfone  
(Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) or
Dimethyl sulfone (suffix)
Sulfinic acid Sulfino RSO2H   sulfino-
(-SO2H)
-sulfinic acid  
2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid
Sulfonic acid Sulfo RSO3H   sulfo-
(-SO3H)
-sulfonic acid  
Benzenesulfonic acid
Thiocyanate Thiocyanate RSCN   thiocyanato-
(-SCN)
substituent thiocyanate  
Phenyl thiocyanate
Isothiocyanate RNCS   isothiocyanato-
(-NCS)
substituent isothiocyanate  
Allyl isothiocyanate
Thione Carbonothioyl RCSR'   -thioyl-
(-CSR')
or
sulfanylidene-
(=S)
-thione  
Diphenylmethanethione
(Thiobenzophenone)
Thial Carbonothioyl RCSH   methanethioyl-
(-CSH)
or
sulfanylidene-
(=S)
-thial

फॉस्फोरस वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Phosphine
(Phosphane)
Phosphino R3P   phosphanyl- -phosphane  
Methylpropylphosphane
Phosphonic acid Phosphono RP(=O)(OH)2   phosphono- substituent phosphonic acid  
Benzylphosphonic acid
Phosphate Phosphate ROP(=O)(OH)2   phosphonooxy-
or
O-phosphono- (phospho-)
substituent phosphate  
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix)
 
O-Phosphonocholine (prefix)
(Phosphocholine)
Phosphodiester Phosphate HOPO(OR)2   [(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-
or
O-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]-
di(substituent) hydrogen phosphate
or
phosphoric acid di(substituentester
DNA
O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑खाँचा:Smallcaps‑serine (prefix)
(Lombricine)

बोरॉन वाले प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

सम्पादन
रासायनिक वर्ग समूह सूत्र संरचनात्मक सूत्र उपसर्ग (Prefix) प्रत्यय (Suffix) उदाहरण
Boronic acid Borono RB(OH)2   Borono- substituent
boronic acid
 
Phenylboronic acid
Boronic ester Boronate RB(OR)2   O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]- substituent
boronic acid
di(substituent) ester
Borinic acid Borino R2BOH   Hydroxyborino- di(substituent)
borinic acid
Borinic ester Borinate R2BOR   O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]- di(substituent)
borinic acid
substituent ester
 
Diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester
(2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate)